Mencius:
Gao Zi II (告子下)

任人有问屋庐子曰：“礼与食孰重？” 曰：“礼重。”

A man of Ren asked the disciple Wu Lu, saying, ‘Is an observance of the rules of propriety in regard to eating, or eating merely, the more important?’ The answer was, ‘The observance of the rules of propriety is the more important.’

“色与礼孰重？” 曰：“礼重。”

‘Is the gratifying the appetite of sex, or the doing so only according to the rules of propriety, the more important?’ The answer again was, ‘The observance of the rules of propriety in the matter is the more important.’

 曰：“以礼食，则饥而死；不以礼食，则得食，必以礼乎？亲迎，则不得妻；不亲迎，则得妻，必亲迎乎？”

The man pursued, ‘If the result of eating only according to the rules of propriety will be death by starvation, while by disregarding those rules we may get food, must they still be observed in such a case? If according to the rule that he shall go in person to meet his wife a man cannot get married, while by disregarding that rule he may get married, must he still observe the rule in such a case?’

屋庐子不能对，明日之邹以告孟子。孟子曰：“于答是也何有？不揣其本，而齐其末，方寸之木可使高于岑楼。金重于羽者，岂谓一钩金与一舆羽之谓哉？取食之重者与礼之轻者而比之，奚翅食重？取色之重者与礼之轻者而比之，奚翅色重？往应之曰：‘紾兄之臂而夺之食，则得食；不，则不得食，则将之乎？逾东家墙而搂其处子，则得妻；不搂，则不得妻，则将搂之乎？’”

Wu Lu was unable to reply to these questions, and the next day he went to Zou, and told them to Mencius. Mencius said, ‘What difficulty is there in answering these inquiries? If you do not adjust them at their lower extremities, but only put their tops on a level, a piece of wood an inch square may be made to be higher than the pointed peak of a high building. Gold is heavier than feathers; but does that saying have reference, on the one hand, to a single clasp of gold, and, on the other, to a waggon-load of feathers? If you take a case where the eating is of the utmost importance and the observing the rules of propriety is of little importance, and compare the things together, why stop with saying merely that the eating is more important? So, taking the case where the gratifying the appetite of sex is of the utmost importance and the observing the rules of propriety is of little importance, why stop with merely saying that the gratifying the appetite is the more important? Go and answer him thus, “If, by twisting your elder brother’s arm, and snatching from him what he is eating, you can get food for yourself, while, if you do not do so, you will not get anything to eat, will you so twist his arm? If by getting over your neighbour’s wall, and dragging away his virgin daughter, you can get a wife, while if you do not do so, you will not be able to get a wife, will you so drag her away?”‘

曹交问曰：“人皆可以为尧舜，有诸？”

Jiao of Cao asked Mencius, saying, ‘It is said, “All men may be Yaos and Shuns;” — is it so?’        

孟子曰：“然。”

Mencius replied, It is.’

“交闻文王十尺，汤九尺，今交九尺四寸以长，食粟而已，如何则可？”

Jiao went on, ‘I have heard that king Wen was ten cubits high, and Tang nine. Now I am nine cubits four inches in height. But I can do nothing but eat my millet. What am I to do to realize that saying?’

曰：“奚有于是？亦为之而已矣。有人于此，力不能胜一匹雏，则为无力人矣；今曰举百钧，则为有力人矣。然则举乌获之任，是亦为乌获而已矣。夫人岂以不胜为患哉？弗为耳。徐行后长者谓之弟，疾行先长者谓之不弟。夫徐行者，岂人所不能哉？所不为也。尧舜之道，孝弟而已矣。子服尧之服，诵尧之言，行尧之行，是尧而已矣。子服桀之服，诵桀之言，行桀之行，是桀而已矣。”

Mencius answered him, ‘What has this – the question of size – to do with the matter? It all lies simply in acting as such. Here is a man, whose strength was not equal to lift a duckling – he was then a man of no strength. But to-day he says, “I can lift 3,000 catties’ weight,” and he is a man of strength. And so, he who can lift the weight which Wu Huo lifted is just another Wu Huo. Why should a man make a want of ability the subject of his grief? It is only that he will not do the thing. To walk slowly, keeping behind his elders, is to perform the part of a younger. To walk quickly and precede his elders, is to violate the duty of a younger brother. Now, is it what a man cannot do – to walk slowly? It is what he does not do. The course of Yao and Shun was simply that of filial piety and fraternal duty. Wear the clothes of Yao, repeat the words of Yao, and do the actions of Yao, and you will just be a Yao. And, if you wear the clothes of Jie, repeat the words of Jie, and do the actions of Jie, you will just be a Jie.

曰：“交得见于邹君，可以假馆，愿留而受业于门。”

Jiao said, ‘I shall be having an interview with the prince of Zou, and can ask him to let me have a house to lodge in. I wish to remain here, and receive instruction at your gate.’

曰：“夫道若大路然，岂难知哉？人病不求耳。子归而求之，有余师。”

Mencius replied, ‘The way of truth is like a great road. It is not difficult to know it. The evil is only that men will not seek it. Do you go home and search for it, and you will have abundance of teachers.’

公孙丑问曰：“高子曰，《小弁》，小人之诗也。”

Gong Sun Chou asked about an opinion of the scholar Gao, saying, ‘Gao observed, “The Xiao Pan is the ode of a little man.”‘

孟子曰：“何以言之？”

Mencius asked, ‘Why did he say so?’

曰：“怨。”

‘Because of the murmuring which it expresses,’ was the reply.

 曰：“固哉，高叟之为诗也！有人于此，越人关弓而射之，则己谈笑而道之；无他，疏之也。其兄关弓而射之，则己垂涕泣而道之；无他，戚之也。《小弁》之怨，亲亲也。亲亲，仁也。固矣夫，高叟之为诗也！”

Mencius answered, ‘How stupid was that old Gao in dealing with the ode! There is a man here, and a native of Yue bends his bow to shoot him. I will advise him not to do so, but speaking calmly and smilingly; for no other reason but that he is not related to me. But if my own brother be bending his bow to shoot the man, then I will advise him not to do so, weeping and crying the while; for no other reason than that he is related to me. The dissatisfaction expressed in the Xiao Pan is the working of relative affection, and that affection shows benevolence. Stupid indeed was old Gao’s criticism on the ode.’

曰：“《凯风》何以不怨？”

Chou then said, ‘How is it that there is no dissatisfaction expressed in the Kai Feng?’

曰：“《凯风》，亲之过小者也；《小弁》，亲之过大者也。亲之过大而不怨，是愈疏也；亲之过小而怨，是不可矶也。愈疏，不孝也；不可矶，亦不孝也。孔子曰：‘舜其至孝矣，五十而慕。’”

Mencius replied, ‘The parent’s fault referred to in the Kai Feng is small; that referred to in the Xiao Pan is great. Where the parent’s fault was great, not to have murmured on account of it would have increased the want of natural affection. Where the parent’s fault was small, to have murmured on account of it would have been to act like water which frets and foams about a stone that interrupts its course. To increase the want of natural affection would have been unfilial, and to fret and foam in such a manner would also have been unfilial. Confucius said, “Shun was indeed perfectly filial! And yet, when he was fifty, he was full of longing desire about his parents.”‘

宋牼将之楚，孟子遇于石丘，曰：“先生将何之？”

Song Keng being about to go to Chu, Mencius met him in Shi Qiu. ‘Master, where are you going?’ asked Mencius.

曰：“吾闻秦楚构兵，我将见楚王说而罢之。楚王不悦，我将见秦王说而罢之。二王我将有所遇焉。”

Keng replied, ‘I have heard that Qin and Chu are fighting together, and I am going to see the king of Chu and persuade him to cease hostilities. If he shall not be pleased with my advice, I shall go to see the king of Qin, and persuade him in the same way. Of the two kings I shall surely find that I can succeed with one of them.’

曰：“轲也请无问其详，愿闻其指。说之将何如？”

Mencius said, ‘I will not venture to ask about the particulars, but I should like to hear the scope of your plan. What course will you take to try to persuade them?’

曰：“我将言其不利也。”

Keng answered, ‘I will tell them how unprofitable their course is to them.’

曰：“先生之志则大矣，先生之号则不可。先生以利说秦楚之王，秦楚之王悦于利，以罢三军之师，是三军之士乐罢而悦于利也。为人臣者怀利以事其君，为人子者怀利以事其父，为人弟者怀利以事其兄，是君臣、父子、兄弟终去仁义，怀利以相接，然而不亡者，未之有也。先生以仁义说秦楚之王，秦楚之王悦于仁义，而罢三军之师，是三军之士乐罢而悦于仁义也。为人臣者怀仁义以事其君，为人子者怀仁义以事其父，为人弟者怀仁义以事其兄，是君臣、父子、兄弟去利，怀仁义以相接也，然而不王者，未之有也。何必曰利？”

‘Master,’ said Mencius, ‘your aim is great, but your argument is not good. If you, starting from the point of profit, offer your persuasive counsels to the kings of Qin and Chu, and if those kings are pleased with the consideration of profit so as to stop the movements of their armies, then all belonging to those armies will rejoice in the cessation of war, and find their pleasure in the pursuit of profit. Ministers will serve their sovereign for the profit of which they cherish the thought; sons will serve their fathers, and younger brothers will serve their elder brothers, from the same consideration – and the issue will be, that, abandoning benevolence and righteousness, sovereign and minister, father and son, younger brother and elder, will carry on all their intercourse with this thought of profit cherished in their breasts. But never has there been such a state of society, without ruin being the result of it. If you, starting from the ground of benevolence and righteousness, offer your counsels to the kings of Qin and Chu, and if those kings are pleased with the consideration of benevolence and righteousness so as to stop the operations of their armies, then all belonging to those armies will rejoice in the stopping from war, and find their pleasure in benevolence and righteousness. Ministers will serve their sovereign, cherishing the principles of benevolence and righteousness; sons will serve their fathers, and younger brothers will serve their elder brothers, in the same way – and so, sovereign and minister, father and son, elder brother and younger, abandoning the thought of profit, will cherish the principles of benevolence and righteousness, and carry on all their intercourse upon them. But never has there been such a state of society, without the State where it prevailed rising to the royal sway. Why must you use that word “profit.”‘

孟子居邹，季任为任处守，以币交，受之而不报。处于平陆，储子为相，以币交，受之而不报。他日，由邹之任，见季子；由平陆之齐，不见储子。屋庐子喜曰：“连得间矣。” 问曰：“夫子之任，见季子；之齐，不见储子，为其为相与？”

When Mencius was residing in Zou, the younger brother of the chief of Ren, who was guardian of Ren at the time, paid his respects to him by a present of silks, which Mencius received, not going to acknowledge it. When he was sojourning in Ping Lu, Chu, who was prime minister of the State, sent him a similar present, which he received in the same way. Subsequently, going from Zou to Ren, he visited the guardian; but when he went from Ping Lu to the capital of Qi, he did not visit the minister Chu. The disciple Wu Lu was glad, and said, ‘I have got an opportunity to obtain some instruction.’ He asked accordingly, ‘Master, when you went to Ren, you visited the chief’s brother; and when you went to Qi, you did not visit Chu. Was it not because he is only the minister?’

曰：“非也。《书》曰：‘享多仪，仪不及物曰不享，惟不役志于享。’ 为其不成享也。”

Mencius replied, ‘No. It is said in the Book of History, “In presenting an offering to a superior, most depends on the demonstrations of respect. If those demonstrations are not equal to the things offeredred, we say there is no offering, that is, there is no act of the will presenting the offering.” This is because the things so offered do not constitute an offering to a superior.’

屋庐子悦。或问之，屋庐子曰：“季子不得之邹，储子得之平陆。”

Wu Lu was pleased, and when some one asked him what Mencius meant, he said, ‘The younger of Ren could not go to Zou, but the minister Chu might have gone to Ping Lu.’

淳于髡曰：“先名实者，为人也；后名实者，自为也。夫子在三卿之中，名实未加于上下而去之，仁者固如此乎？”

Chun Yu Kun said, ‘He who makes fame and meritorious services his first objects, acts with a regard to others. He who makes them only secondary objects, acts with a regard to himself. You, master, were ranked among the three chief ministers of the State, but before your fame and services had reached either to the prince or the people, you have left your place. Is this indeed the way of the benevolent?’

孟子曰：“居下位，不以贤事不肖者，伯夷也；五就汤，五就桀者，伊尹也；不恶污君，不辞小官者，柳下惠也。三子者不同道，其趋一也。一者何也？曰，仁也。君子亦仁而已矣，何必同。”

Mencius replied, ‘There was Bo Yi – he abode in an inferior situation, and would not, with his virtue, serve a degenerate prince. There was Yi Yin – he five times went to Tang, and five times went to Jie. There was Hui of Liu Xia – he did not disdain to serve a vile prince, nor did he decline a small office. The courses pursued by those three worthies were different, but their aim was one. And what was their one aim? We must answer “To be perfectly virtuous.” And so it is simply after this that superior men strive. Why must they all pursue the same course?’

 曰：“鲁缪公之时，公仪子为政，子柳、子思为臣，鲁之削也滋甚；若是乎，贤者之无益于国也！” 曰：“虞不用百里奚而亡，秦穆公用之而霸。不用贤则亡，削何可得与？”

Kun pursued, ‘In the time of the duke Mu of Lu, the government was in the hands of Gong Yi, while Zi Liu and Zi Si were ministers. And yet, the dismemberment of Lu then increased exceedingly. Such was the case, a specimen how your men of virtue are of no advantage to a kingdom!’ Mencius said, ‘The prince of Yu did not use Bai Li Xi, and thereby lost his State. The duke Mu of Qin used him, and became chief of all the princes. Ruin is the consequence of not employing men of virtue and talents – how can it rest with dismemberment merely?’

曰：“昔者王豹处于淇，而河西善讴；绵驹处于高唐，而齐右善歌；华周、杞梁之妻善哭其夫，而变国俗。有诸内，必形诸外。为其事而无其功者，髡未尝睹之也。是故无贤者也，有则髡必识之。”

Kun urged again, ‘Formerly, when Wang Bao dwelt on the Qi, the people on the west of the Yellow River all became skilful at singing in his abrupt manner. When Mian Ju lived in Gao Tang, the people in the parts of Qi on the west became skilful at singing in his prolonged manner. The wives of Hua Zhou and Qi Liang bewailed their husbands so skilfully, that they changed the manners of the State. When there is the gift within, it manifests itself without. I have never seen the man who could do the deeds of a worthy, and did not realize the work of one. Therefore there are now no men of talents and virtue. If there were, I should know them.’

曰：“孔子为鲁司寇，不用，从而祭，燔肉不至，不税冕而行。不知者以为为肉也，其知者以为为无礼也。乃孔子则欲以微罪行，不欲为苟去。君子之所为，众人固不识也。”

Mencius answered, ‘When Confucius was chief minister of Justice in Lu, the prince came not to follow his counsels. Soon after there was the solstitial sacrifice, and when a part of the flesh presented in sacrifice was not sent to him, he went away even without taking off his cap of ceremony. Those who did not know him supposed it was on account of the flesh. Those who knew him supposed that it was on account of the neglect of the usual ceremony. The fact was, that Confucius wanted to go away on occasion of some small offence, not wishing to do so without some apparent cause. All men cannot be expected to understand the conduct of a superior man.’

孟子曰：“五霸者，三王之罪人也；今之诸侯，五霸之罪人也；今之大夫，今之诸侯之罪人也。天子适诸侯曰巡狩，诸侯朝于天子曰述职。春省耕而补不足，秋省敛而助不给。入其疆，土地辟，田野治，养老尊贤，俊杰在位，则有庆；庆以地。入其疆，土地荒芜，遗老失贤，掊克在位，则有让。一不朝，则贬其爵；再不朝，则削其地；三不朝，则六师移之。是故天子讨而不伐，诸侯伐而不讨。五霸者，搂诸侯以伐诸侯者也；故曰，五霸者，三王之罪人也。

Mencius said, ‘The five chiefs of the princes were sinners against the three kings. The princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs. The Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes. The sovereign visited the princes, which was called “A tour of Inspection.” The princes attended at the court of the sovereign, which was called “Giving a report of office.” It was a custom in the spring to examine the ploughing, and supply any deficiency of seed; and in autumn to examine the reaping, and assist where there was a deficiency of the crop. When the sovereign entered the boundaries of a State, if the new ground was being reclaimed, and the old fields well cultivated; if the old were nourished and the worthy honoured; and if men of distinguished talents were placed in office: then the prince was rewarded – rewarded with an addition to his territory. On the other hand, if, on entering a State, the ground was found left wild or overrun with weeds; if the old were neglected and the worthy unhonoured; and if the offices were filled with hard taxgatherers: then the prince was reprimanded. If a prince once omitted his attendance at court, he was punished by degradation of rank; if he did so a second time, he was deprived of a portion of his territory; if he did so a third time, the royal forces were set in motion, and he was removed from his government. Thus the sovereign commanded the punishment, but did not himself inflict it, while the princes inflicted the punishment, but did not command it. The five chiefs, however, dragged the princes to punish other princes, and hence I say that they were sinners against the three kings.

“五霸，桓公为盛。葵丘之会，诸侯束牲载书而不歃血。初命曰，诛不孝，无易树子，无以妾为妻。再命曰，尊贤育才，以彰有德。三命曰，敬老慈幼，无忘宾旅。四命曰，士无世官，官事无摄，取士必得，无专杀大夫。五命曰，无曲防，无遏籴，无有封而不告。曰，凡我同盟之人，既盟之后，言归于好。” 今之诸侯，皆犯此五禁，故曰，今之诸侯，五霸之罪人也。

‘Of the five chiefs the most powerful was the duke Huan. At the assembly of the princes in Kui Qiu, he bound the victim and placed the writing upon it, but did not slay it to smear their mouths with the blood. The first injunction in their agreement was, “Slay the unfilial; change not the son who has been appointed heir; exalt not a concubine to be the wife.” The second was, “Honour the worthy, and maintain the talented, to give distinction to the virtuous.” The third was, “Respect the old, and be kind to the young. Be not forgetful of strangers and travellers.” The fourth was, “Let not offices be hereditary, nor let officers be pluralists. In the selection of officers let the object be to get the proper men. Let not a ruler take it on himself to put to death a Great officer.” The fifth was, “Follow no crooked policy in making embankments. Impose no restrictions on the sale of grain. Let there be no promotions without first announcing them to the sovereign.” It was then said, “All we who have united in this agreement shall hereafter maintain amicable relations.” The princes of the present day all violate these five prohibitions, and therefore I say that the princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs.

 长君之恶其罪小，逢君之恶其罪大。今之大夫皆逢君之恶，故曰，今之大夫，今之诸侯之罪人也。”

‘The crime of him who connives at, and aids, the wickedness of his prince is small, but the crime of him who anticipates and excites that wickedness is great. The officers of the present day all go to meet their sovereigns’ wickedness, and therefore I say that the Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes.’

鲁欲使慎子为将军。孟子曰：“不教民而用之，谓之殃民。殃民者，不容于尧舜之世。一战胜齐，遂有南阳，然且不可。“

The prince of Lu wanted to make the minister Shen commander of his army. Mencius said, ‘To employ an uninstructed people in war may be said to be destroying the people. A destroyer of the people would not have been tolerated in the times of Yao and Shun. Though by a single battle you should subdue Qi, and get possession of Nan Yang, the thing ought not to be done.’

 慎子勃然不悦曰：“此则滑厘所不识也。”

Shen changed countenance, and said in displeasure, ‘This is what I, Gu Li, do not understand.’

曰：“吾明告子。天子之地方千里；不千里，不足以待诸侯。诸侯之地方百里；不百里，不足以守宗庙之典籍。周公之封于鲁，为方百里也；地非不足，而俭于百里。太公之封于齐也，亦为方百里也；地非不足也，而俭于百里。今鲁方百里者五，子以为有王者作，则鲁在所损乎，在所益乎？徒取诸彼以与此，然且仁者不为，况于杀人以求之乎？君子之事君也，务引其君以当道，志于仁而已。”

Mencius said, ‘I will lay the case plainly before you. The territory appropriated to the sovereign is 1,000 li square. Without a thousand li, he would not have sufficient for his entertainment of the princes. The territory appropriated to a Hou is 100 li square. Without 100 li, he would not have sufficient wherewith to observe the statutes kept in his ancestral temple. When Zhou Gong was invested with the principalily of Lu, it was a hundred li square. The territory was indeed enough, but it was not more than 100 li. When Tai Gong was invested with the principality of Qi, it was 100 li square. The territory was indeed enough, but it was not more than 100 li. Now Lu is five times 100 li square. If a true royal ruler were to arise, whether do you think that Lu would be diminished or increased by him? If it were merely taking the place from the one State to give it to the other, a benevolent man would not do it; how much less will he do so, when the end is to be sought by the slaughter of men! The way in which a superior man serves his prince contemplates simply the leading him in the right path, and directing his mind to benevolence.’

孟子曰：“今之事君者皆曰：‘我能为君辟土地，充府库。’ 今之所谓良臣，古之所谓民贼也。君不乡道，不志于仁，而求富之，是富桀也。‘我能为君约与国，战必克。’ 今之所谓良臣，古之所谓民贼也。君不乡道，不志于仁，而求为之强战，是辅桀也。由今之道，无变今之俗，虽与之天下，不能一朝居也。”

Mencius said, ‘Those who now-a-days serve their sovereigns say, “We can for our sovereign enlarge the limits of the cultivated ground, and fill his treasuries and arsenals.” Such persons are now-a-days called “Good ministers,” but anciently they were called “Robbers of the people.” If a sovereign follows not the right way, nor has his mind bent on benevolence, to seek to enrich him is to enrich a Jie. Or they will say, “We can for our sovereign form alliances with other States, so that our battles must be successful.” Such persons are now-a-days called “Good ministers,” but anciently they were called “Robbers of the people.” If a sovereign follows not the right way, nor has his mind directed to benevolence, to seek to enrich him is to enrich a Jie. Although a prince, pursuing the path of the present day, and not changing its practices, were to have the throne given to him, he could not retain it for a single morning.’

白圭曰：“吾欲二十而取一，何如？”

Bai Gui said, ‘I want to take a twentieth of the produce only as the tax. What do you think of it?’    

孟子曰：“子之道，貉道也。万室之国，一人陶，则可乎？”

Mencius said, ‘Your way would be that of the Mo. In a country of ten thousand families, would it do to have only one potter?’

曰：“不可，器不足用也。”

Gui replied, ‘No. The vessels would not be enough to use.’

曰：“夫貉，五谷不生，惟黍生之；无城郭、宫室、宗庙、祭祀之礼，无诸侯币帛饔飧，无百官有司，故二十取一而足也。今居中国，去人伦，无君子，如之何其可也？陶以寡，且不可以为国，况无君子乎？欲轻之于尧舜之道者，大貉小貉也；欲重之于尧舜之道者，大桀小桀也。”

Mencius went on, ‘In Mo all the five kinds of grain are not grown; it only produces the millet. There are no fortified cities, no edifices, no ancestral temples, no ceremonies of sacrifice; there are no princes requiring presents and entertainments; there is no system of officers with their various subordinates. On these accounts a tax of one-twentieth of the produce is sufficient there. But now it is the Middle Kingdom that we live in. To banish the relationships of men, and have no superior men – how can such a state of things be thought of? With but few potters a kingdom cannot subsist; how much less can it subsist without men of a higher rank than others? If we wish to make the taxation lighter than the system of Yao and Shun, we shall just have a great Mo and a small Mo. If we wish to make it heavier, we shall just have the great Jie and the small Jie.’

白圭曰：“丹之治水也愈于禹。”

Bai Gui said, ‘My management of the waters is superior to that of Yu.’

 孟子曰：“子过矣。禹之治水，水之道也，是故禹以四海为壑。今吾子以邻国为壑。水逆行谓之洚水。洚水者，洪水也，仁人之所恶也。吾子过矣。”

Mencius replied, ‘You are wrong, Sir. Yu’s regulation of the waters was according to the laws of water. He therefore made the four seas their receptacle, while you make the neighbouring States their receptacle. Water flowing out of its channels is called an inundation. Inundating waters are a vast waste of water, and what a benevolent man detests. You are wrong, my good Sir.’

孟子曰：“君子不亮，恶乎执？”

Mencius said, ‘If a scholar have not faith, how shall he take a firm hold of things?’

鲁欲使乐正子为政。

The prince of Lu wanting to commit the administration of his government to the disciple Yue Zheng.

孟子曰：“吾闻之，喜而不寐。”

Mencius said, ‘When I heard of it, I was so glad that I could not sleep.’

公孙丑曰：“乐正子强乎？”曰：“否。”

Gong Sun Chou asked, ‘Is Yue Zheng a man of vigour?’ and was answered, ‘No.’

“有知虑乎？”曰：“否。”

‘Is he wise in council?’ ‘No.’

 “多闻识乎？” 曰：“否。”

‘Is he possessed of much information?’ ‘No.’

 “然则奚为喜而不寐？”曰：“其为人也好善。”

‘What then made you so glad that you could not sleep?’ ‘He is a man who loves what is good.’

 “好善足乎？” 曰：“好善优于天下，而况鲁国乎？夫苟好善，则四海之内皆将轻千里而来告之以善；夫苟不好善，则人将曰：‘ 迤迤， 予既已知之矣。’ 迤迤之声音颜色距人于千里之外。士止于千里之外，则谗谄面谀之人至矣。与谗谄面谀之人居，国欲治，可得乎？”

‘Is the love of what is good sufficient?’ ‘The love of what is good is more than a sufficient qualification for the government of the kingdom; how much more is it so for the State of Lu! If a minister love what is good, all within the four seas will count 1000 li but a small distance, and will come and lay their good thoughts before him. If he do not love what is good, men will say, “How self-conceited he looks? He is sayinq to himself, I know it.” The language and looks of that self-conceit will keep men off at a distance of 1,000 li. When good men stop 1,000 li off, calumniators, flatterers, and sycophants will make their appearance. When a minister lives among calumniators, flatterers, and sycophants, though he may wish the State to be well governed, is it possible for it to be so?’

陈子曰：“古之君子何如则仕？”

The disciple Chen said, ‘What were the principles on which superior men of old took office?’

孟子曰：“所就三，所去三。迎之致敬以有礼；言，将行其言也，则就之。礼貌未衰，言弗行也，则去之。其次，虽未行其言也，迎之致敬以有礼，则就之。礼貌衰，则去之。其下，朝不食，夕不食，饥饿不能出门户，君闻之，曰：‘吾大者不能行其道，又不能从其言也，使饥饿于我土地，吾耻之。’ 周之，亦可受也，免死而已矣。”

Mencius replied, ‘There were three cases in which they accepted office, and three in which they left it. If received with the utmost respect and all polite observances, and they could say to themselves that the prince would carry their words into practice, then they took office with him. Afterwards, although there might be no remission in the polite demeanour of the prince, if their words were not carried into practice, they would leave him. The second case was that in which, though the prince could not be expected at once to carry their words into practice, yet being received by him with the utmost respect, they took office with him. But afterwards, if there was a remission in his polite demeanour, they would leave him. The last case was that of the superior man who had nothing to eat, either morning or evening, and was so famished that he could not move out of his door. If the prince, on hearing of his state, said, “I must fail in the great point, that of carrying his doctrines into practice, neither am I able to follow his words, but I am ashamed to allow him to die of want in my country;” the assistance offered in such a case might be received, but not beyond what was sufficient to avert death.’

孟子曰：“舜发于畎亩之中，傅说举于版筑之间，胶鬲举于鱼盐之中，管夷吾举于士，孙叔敖举于海，百里奚举于市。故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身行，拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。人恒过，然后能改；困于心，衡于虑，而后作；征于色，发于声，而后喻。入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。然后知生于忧患而死于安乐也。”

Mencius said, ‘Shun rose from among the channelled fields. Fu Yue was called to office from the midst of his building frames; Jiao Ge from his fish and salt; Guan Yi Wu from the hands of his gaoler; Sun Shu Ao from his hiding by the sea-shore; and Bai Li Xi from the market-place. Thus, when Heaven is about to confer a great office on any man, it first exercises his mind with suffering, and his sinews and bones with toil. It exposes his body to hunger, and subjects him to extreme poverty. It confounds his undertakings. By all these methods it stimulates his mind, hardens his nature, and supplies his incompetencies. Men for the most part err, and are afterwards able to reform. They are distressed in mind and perplexed in their thoughts, and then they arise to vigorous reformation. When things have been evidenced in men’s looks, and set forth in their words, then they understand them. If a prince have not about his court families attached to the laws and worthy counsellors, and if abroad there are not hostile States or other external calamities, his kingdom will generally come to ruin. From these things we see how life springs from sorrow and calamity, and death from ease and pleasure.’

孟子曰：“教亦多术矣，予不屑之教诲也者，是亦教诲之而已矣。”

Mencius said, ‘There are many arts in teaching. I refuse, as inconsistent with my character, to teach a man, but I am only thereby still teaching him.’