Question:
When I studied Confucian classics, I often encountered the term “Xiaoren,” but it seems to have different meanings in different contexts. What does “Xiaoren” actually mean in Confucianism? I have also heard about the term “Junzi.” So, what is the contrast and connection between “Xiaoren” and “Junzi” in Confucianism?
—- Asked by Elizabeth
Answer:
In the Confucian classics, “Xiao Ren” (小人) is also an important concept and has different meanings in different contexts.
In general, Confucianism contrasts the “Xiaoren” with the “Junzi” (君子) to emphasize different moral characters and behaviors.
In Confucian culture, “Xiao Ren” refers to individuals with low moral standards and misbehavior. They may lack virtues such as benevolence, honesty, and integrity and are easily driven by desires such as selfishness and utilitarianism. They are also unwilling to take responsibility and do not repent for their mistakes and faults.
“Xiaoren” discusses others secretly and habitually alienates one person from others. They are good at carefully weighing up a person’s words, closely watching his expression, and taking advantage of their weaknesses for personal goals.
They may also pursue short-term gains at the expense of the well-being of society, family, and others.
Therefore, “Xiao Ren” in Confucian classics refers to a person who is defective in both character and behavior and whose behaviors run contrary to the principles of Ren, Li, and morality emphasized by Confucianism.
In contrast, “Junzi” is a person of noble character and proper behavior.
Finally, Confucianism does not regard “Xiaoren” as a permanent state. Confucius believes that “Xiaoren” can be transformed into “Junzi” through education and cultivation.
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