In Confucianism, Li (Chinese:礼; English: propriety) is seen as an important value for governing the state, maintaining social order, and promoting individuals’ moral development.
It is worth noting that Li in Confucianism is also referred to as “propriety“, “rites“, “ritual” or “etiquette” by different scholars.
From the Western Zhou dynasty, when “The Rites of Zhou” (周礼)1 was proposed to the restoration of Li by Confucius. Thus, Li has gained prominence in Confucian thought.
The high regard of the Confucian school for Li has far-reaching impacts on both ancient and modern Chinese society, which has profoundly influenced the evolution and development of Chinese culture.
The origin of Li (礼)
During the Spring and Autumn Periods, society was in turmoil, and feudal separatism led to the serious destruction of social rituals and music. Witnessing this chaotic situation, Confucius deeply felt the breakdown of social order and the hardship of people’s lives.
To remedy the situation, Confucius advocated restoring and observing “The Rites of Zhou.”
Confucius believed that “The Rites of Zhou” boasted similar spiritual connotations to Ren (仁) and played an important role in history. The Rites not only succeeded in changing the tyranny of the late Shang dynasty but also laid a solid foundation for the political stability of the Zhou dynasty.
He stressed that Li was not just a set of behavioral norms but an important expression of the moral and ethical values behind it.
In Confucianism, Li and Ren are interdependent. Ren is subjective cultivation and self-awareness; Li is objective norms and externally constrained. If a man is not good, said the Master, what is the use for him to perform Li? It can be seen that the observance of Li is an important way of realizing Ren.
Meanings of Li
In Confucianism, Li has multiple meanings. It is a moral principle, a code of conduct, and a philosophy of governance.
With the continuation of Confucianism, Li developed and became an integral part of the cultural heritage of China.
1. Li as a moral code
In Confucianism, Li is seen as an ideal moral standard to improve the moral integrity of individuals.
Confucianism emphasizes the guiding role of “rites” or “etiquette” in morality.
The Analects of Confucius mentions, “See no evil, hear no evil, and speak no evil”. That is to say, individuals should consciously follow the norms of Li and avoid engaging in immoral behaviors.
In line with Confucianism, self-restraint serves as the basis for becoming an educated person.
Confucius once said, “A benevolent man will control himself in conformity with the rules of Li.”
2. Li as a code of behavior
In Confucianism, Li is not only an internal moral principle but also an external norm of behavior and social order.
Li helps people transform moral norms into concrete standards of behavior and enables them to demonstrate their moral integrity and personal values in behavior.
It sets out rules and procedures for many important occasions and events, such as weddings, banquets, and interpersonal relationships. There are also rules and standards for eating, tea drinking, and speaking.
Confucianism also emphasizes that Li is not only a norm of social interactions but also a symbol of social psychology. It can be used to express respect and care for others.
The Master said, “In a country, the prince should be a prince, the minister a minister, the father a father, the son a son.” This quote stresses the need for everyone to do their part in their social roles and respect and love each other.
By adhering to the norms of Li, people can establish harmonious interpersonal relationships and social order, which in turn promotes social prosperity.
3. Li as a philosophy of governance
As per Confucianism, Li is also seen as a basic concept of governance.
The Analects of Confucius records, “If a country can be governed, said the Master, in accordance with the ritual system, what more need I to say? If not, what is the use of the ritual system?” This statement suggests that governance with Li is the ideal Confucian concept of governance.
Besides, according to The Analects of Confucius, “In practicing the rules of Li, it is harmony that is prized.” It shows that if Li governs a country, it will be in harmony.
By implementing the governance with Li, clear and explicit norms are set for both the emperor and the people, which cannot only help reduce conflict and strife but also create a harmonious and stable social environment. On this basis, the country is more likely to achieve long-term prosperity.
4. Li as a heavenly principle
With the continuous development of Confucianism, Li has gained richer connotations.
In the Song and Ming dynasties, Li took on a more abstract meaning as a philosophical concept and a heavenly principle.
It becomes innate rules and laws that even go beyond human experience.
The role of Li
Firstly, Li plays an important role in maintaining the unity of the state.
If a country lacks a unified system of Li, it will fall into chaos. Through the norms and constraints of Li, people can form common values and strengthen their sense of identity and cohesion, thus promoting the unity and stability of the country.
Secondly, Li is essential in stabilizing social order.
People’s behavior must follow certain rules to maintain the normal operations of society. In addition, Li also restricts individual behavior and encourages them to show cultivation and quality in social interactions.
In short, the Confucian concept of Li implies the pursuit of order.
Therefore, Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi believe that chaos will undermine social order, while orders help shape a good society.
In conclusion, as one of the core values in the Confucian system of thought, the concept of Li plays a crucial role in enhancing moral qualities, preserving family relationships, promoting mutual respect, and reinforcing social hierarchy.
- The Rites of Zhou: a set of concrete and operational ritual and music systems defined at the beginning of the Zhou dynasty, and then he introduced the concept of “rites.” ↩︎